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Cardiovascular

Abdominal pain in kids

Abnormal/Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (AUB/DUB)

Acanthosis Nigricans

Actinic Cheilitis

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Acute Swollen Joint with Fever

Acute Vision Loss

Acute and Progressive Vision Loss

Adjustment Disorder and Anxiety

Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood

Age related macular degeneration

Alcohol Cessation

Allergic rhinitis

Angular Cheilitis

Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS)

Anorexia Nervosa

Anticholinergics and TCAs

Antidepressants

Antimetabolite drugs

Antiphospholipid syndrome

Anxiety Disorders

Aortic Dissection

Atrial Fibrillation

Behavioural / learning disorders

Behavioural disturbances

Bell’s palsy and Ramsey Hunt syndrome

Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG)

Biologic agents

Bipolar Disorder

Bleeding disorders

Bronchiectasis (Updated)

CA-125 (Cancer Antigen 125)

CVD Risk Assessment

Calluses and Corns

Candida (Candidiasis as an STI)

Carpal tunnel syndrome and de quervains tenosynovitis

Cervical spondylosis

Chickenpox (Varicella)

Chronic Cough in Children

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Chronic Stridor

Clavicular fracture

Colorectal Cancer Screening Recommendations

Congestive Cardiac Failure

Connective Tissue Diseases

Contact Dermatitis

Cutaneous Drug Eruptions

Dacrocystitis, dacyrostenosis, dacyrocystocoele

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Depression and Delirium

Dermal melanocystosis (mongolian spot)

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)

Diabetes Insipidus (DI) vs Primary Polydipsia

Diabetic Neuropathy

Dizziness / syncope

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Dupuytrens / trigger finger

Dyspnoea (Shortness of Breath)

Sepsis

Criteria for sepsis

T >38.3 or <36
HR >90
RR >20
Confusion
BSL >7.1 in non-diabetic
Oliguria

Septic shock

BP <90
Mottled or cold peripheries

qSOFA (Not to diagnose sepsis but to predict mortality/need for ICU in suspected sepsis)

2 or more is concerning:
- BP <100
- RR >22
- Confusion
- Cap refill >3 sec
- Purpuric rash
- Lactate >2
- Oliguria

Complications

Multi-organ failure (renal, respiratory, cardiac, hepatic)
DIC
ARDS
Septic encephalopathy → confusion, delirium
Hypoperfusion → limb ischaemia, necrosis
Long-term immunosuppression → increased risk of recurrent infections

Early intervention for sepsis or septic shock

Rapid interventions within 1 hr of recognition:
- Measure blood lactate concentration; repeat within 2–4 hrs if >2 mmol/L
- Obtain blood cultures before antibiotics (2 sets in adults)
- Administer broad-spectrum antibiotics promptly (do not delay for investigations)
- Start IV fluid resuscitation (crystalloids) for hypotension or lactate >2 mmol/L
- Use vasopressors (e.g., noradrenaline) to maintain MAP ≥65 mmHg if hypotension persists
If the source of infection is identified, initiate specific treatment (e.g., abscess drainage, device removal) in consultation with specialist teams
Monitor response closely—repeat lactate and assess for perfusion markers (cap refill, BP, urine output)

Additional Notes:

Monitor for signs of progression to multi-organ dysfunction, particularly in the elderly or immunosuppressed.

Sepsis

Criteria for Sepsis

Systemic Inflammatory Response

Commonly indicated by ≥2 of:

Temperature >38.3 or <36
HR >90
RR >20
Confusion or altered mental status
BSL >7.1 mmol/L in non-diabetic patients
Oliguria (<0.5 mL/kg/hr)

Septic shock

Systolic BP <90 or mean arterial pressure (MAP) <65
Mottled or cold peripheries, indicating hypoperfusion

qSOFA (quick sequential organ failure assessment)

Not diagnostic of sepsis but predicts mortality/need for ICU in suspected sepsis. 2 or more is concerning:

BP <100
RR >22
Confusion
Capillary refill >3 seconds
Purpuric rash
Lactate >2
Oliguria

Complications

Multi-organ failure (renal, respiratory, cardiac, hepatic)
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Septic encephalopathy (delirium, confusion)
Hypoperfusion (limb ischaemia, necrosis)
Long-term immunosuppression (increased risk of recurrent infections)

Early intervention for sepsis or septic shock

Aim to initiate the following within 1 hour of recognition:

1. Measure blood lactate

Repeat in 2–4 hours if initial lactate >2 mmol/L

2. Obtain blood cultures

Ideally before antibiotics (2 sets in adults); consider other relevant cultures (urine, sputum) if indicated

3. Administer broad-spectrum IV antibiotics promptly

Do not delay for investigations
Tailor therapy as per local antimicrobial guidelines and culture results

4. Start IV fluid resuscitation

Crystalloids (e.g. 0.9% saline or balanced solutions) if hypotension or lactate >2 mmol/L
Consider a bolus of ~30 mL/kg in severe sepsis/shock
Monitor fluid responsiveness (HR, BP, cap refill, lactate)

5. Use vasopressors

Noradrenaline first-line to maintain MAP ≥65 if hypotension persists after fluids
Add vasopressin if further support needed

6. Source control

If infection source identified (abscess, device), arrange appropriate intervention (e.g. drainage, line removal)

7. Monitor response closely

Repeat lactate and assess perfusion markers (cap refill, BP, urine output, mental status)

Notes:

Elderly or immunocompromised patients may have atypical presentations (lower fevers, vague confusion)
Sepsis survivors benefit from structured follow-up (post-sepsis syndrome can include chronic fatigue, cognitive changes)
In persistent hypotension, consider adjunct measures (steroids) if shock is refractory to fluids and vasopressors
Early recognition and management significantly reduce mortality risk
Optimise supportive care, including oxygenation and, if required, mechanical ventilation for ARDS

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